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- 1. INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS- 2nd and 3rd laws of thermodynamicsINTRODUCTION : It is a well known fact that most of the phyiscal changes and chemical changes are accompained by energy changes. these energy changes may take place in the form of heat, light, work, electical changes, etc. All these forms of energy are convertible into one another and hence are related to each other…
- 1.1 CYCLIC PROCESSES – B.SC 2ND YEARCyclic process is a process when a system returning back into its original state after completing a series of changes . then, the system said to be completed a cycle and, the entire process is called cyclic process.…
- 1.2 CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS EFFICIENCY – B.SC 2nd yearS.Carnot a french engineer working in french army. In 1824, he observed that the maximum transformation of heat into work can be possible if all the intermidiate steps in the cyclic processses are carried out reversibly. such reversible cycle is called a CARNOT CYCLE. and the engines operating on the basis of carnot cycle called CARNOT ENGINE.…
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO LANTHANOIDS & ACTINOIDS.The elements in which the last electron enters any one of the seven f-orbitals of their respective ante-penultimate shells are called f-block elements. In all these elements, the s-orbital of the last shell (n) is completely filled, the d- orbitals of the penultimate (n -1) shell is invariably contains zero or one electron but the…
- 1.1 OCCURANCE OF LANTHANOIDS – B.SC 2ND YEARMain minerals of lanthanoids are : 1. Monazite : It is most important mineral containing lanthanoids. it is essentially a lanthanoid orthophosphate. some monazite deposits contain appreciable amounts of thorium also. In some cases, thorium may be present to an extent of 30%.…
InoOP Chem 